Othello - 1519 Words

Michael Chica 209 Trull February 15th, 2013 English 1302 01 Professor Beavers A Man’s Dream In the poems written by Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s â€Å"Ulysses† and â€Å"Odysseus† written by W.S. Merwin we can compare and contrast both poems. In Tennyson’s â€Å"Ulysses† and in Merwin’s â€Å"Odysseus† they are talking about the same person, Odysseus. But the poems are also different because, Tennyson’s poem is about Odysseus talking about how his son would be a better fit king than he was, and that he would rather sail to find another world. In Merwin’s poem Odysseus talks about his journeys from one island to the other and how he is still sailing and trying to get home. So how can we compare and contrast both poems? Easy, because one poem is†¦show more content†¦Another example is when Odysseus landed on the island ruled by Poseidon’s son, Polyphemus. Odysseus and his crew were traveling the island when they came face to face with the Cyclops; the Cyclops then grabbed all of them and brought them t o his home as prisoners. This shows that Odysseus really did not want to go home. If he did then he would have not fallen into the traps set by Poseidon. Instead the God of Water got the best of Odysseus and targeted his weak points, his weak points of traveling and also seductive women. By having these distractions in Odysseus’s way he almost lost the love of his life, his own flesh and blood Telemachus, and also the kingdom of Ithaca. In the poem â€Å"Ulysses† written by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Odysseus says â€Å"Though much is taken, much abides; and though We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are One equal temper of heroic hearts, made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive, to see, to find and not to yield.† And in the poem â€Å"Odysseus† written by W.S. Merwin it says â€Å"The knowledge of all that he betrayed Grew till it was the same whether he stayed or went. Therefore he wen t. And what wonder If sometimes he could not remember Which was the one who wished on his departure Perils that he could never sail through, And which, improbable, remote, and true, Was the one he kept sailing home to?† As we can tell in the poem â€Å"Ulysses†, OdysseusShow MoreRelatedOthello And Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesDesdemona?† they ask. The differences that separate Othello and Desdemona do not perturb them, but are starkly obvious and unnerving to the judgmental citizens of Venice. While it was certainly rare in the 16th century for couples to have such disparities in age, social position and race, none of these differences diminished how Othello and Desdemona felt for each other, yet each spurred external obstacles that threatened their relationship. While Othello and Desdemona are separated by a considerable ageRead MoreOthello: Othello a Tragic Hero1478 Words   |  6 PagesOthello: Othello A Tragic Hero If one reads Shakespeares Othello, they can come to the conclusion that it might be one of the his most tragic plays ever written by Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet, is probably the most famous of his tragic plays, but Othello, has characteristics that, I think make it even more tragic then his other plays, and therefore for that reason, you can say that Othello is the most tragic hero. Othello is a noble man, one who has grace with the ladies but also possessesRead MoreEssay General Othello in Othello1267 Words   |  6 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare gave us a most moving drama in Othello. In this play we witness the demise of a â€Å"paragon† of a wife and a â€Å"valiant Moor†, Othello. Let us consider the Moor in detail, with professional critical input, in this essay. From the text of the play a number of clues can be gleaned which round out the description of the general. In William Shakespeare: The Tragedies, Paul A. Jorgensen describes the general in Othello: Though scarcely the â€Å"barbarian† (1.3.353) he is calledRead MoreOthello s Othello By William Shakespeare848 Words   |  4 Pages Desdemona’s Passivity [In the Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Othello†] Desdemona is a passive character in the Shakespeare play â€Å"Othello†. We can identify this as a fault in Desdemona, in various acts and scenes throughout the play. A critic had stated that â€Å"Desdemona is passive, acted upon rather than acting.† This is a valid statement which is noticeable in Desdemona’s character. When Desdemona argues Cassio’s position that Othello stripped from him. We see from this that she could have actedRead MoreOthello s Othello By William Shakespeare897 Words   |  4 PagesIago’s main reason to denigrate Desdemona’s character is his love for Othello. Consequently, he will do anything to gain Othello’s admiration. When Iago is putting his plan into action and planting in Othello’s mind that Desdemona is not faithful to him, Iago says: Othello kneels .............................................................................................. IAGO: Do not rise yet. Iago kneels Witness, you ever-burning lights above, You elements that clip us round above, Witness thatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Othello Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesOthello speaks to Iago in Act Three of the play saying, â€Å"certain, men should be what they seem† (3.3.131). This excerpt foreshadow events in which Othello will begin to question the actions and morality of Cassio and Desdemona, all orchestrated by Iago’s scheming nature. This is a very important concept to showcase because Othello devoutly loves Desdemona and trusts Cassio until conniving language from Iago causes him to think otherwise. Drawing on Shakespeare’s source story by Cinthio and otherRead MoreMusical Characterization For Othello s Othello997 Words   |  4 Pages Musical Characterization for Othello In Verdi’s Othello, the music is used by Verdi to characterize each character in the opera. It is the music who describes the audience the personality traits of each character. Moreover, music accompanies every scene in the opera. In many cases, we can know what is happening or what the character is feeling through the music the orchestra is playing. This is an innovative way to characterize the characters in an opera used by Verdi that do not fit into theRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello1209 Words   |  5 PagesOthello Down Shakespeare s Othello comprises of the subjects betrayal, affection and dishonesty. At the focal point of this play is the lamentable ruin of Othello because of his so-called friend Iago. In this paper I will be examining the explanations behind and against Othello being in charge of his defeat through taking a gander at critical interpretations of his character and activities. Othello was profoundly in charge to his own destruction as Iago demonstrating to him to be gullible andRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pages Previously, in Act 3.4, Othello begins to suspect Desdemona’s loyalty, as he continuously asks Desdemona for the handkerchief, yet she keeps on changing the topic. In Act 4.1, Iago continues to convince Othello of Desdemona’s faithfulness. In Act 3.4, Othello defended Desdemona when Iago accused her; but in Act 4.1, their position is switched. Othello becomes more aware of what Iago is saying and the anger that he has towards Iago has significantly reduced, while he begins to doubt Desdemona.Read More Free Othello Essay: The Disintegration of Othello590 Words   |  3 PagesDisintegration of Othello nbsp; nbsp;nbsp; Shakespeares Othello is a play with unique characters. One such character is the one for which Shakespeare names his play. In the play, Othello disintegrates from a confident leader to a homicidal murderer. Linguistic changes throughout the play attest to this theory. nbsp; In the opening scenes, Shakespeare portrays Othello as a noble character. When Brabantio seeks vengeance (for stealing his daughter) on Othello, Othello expresses his actions

Maternal Depression On Child Wellbeing And Development

Introduction During the last two decades, researchers have intensified their efforts to expand the findings about paternal perinatal depression. The study conducted by Goodman in 2004, has shown that the postpartum depression’s prevalence among fathers varied from 1.2% to 25% in the population sample. Furthermore, these percentages rose to achieve 24 to 50 per cent when the paternal postpartum depression was associated with maternal postpartum depression. The literature review and studies asserted the detrimental consequences of paternal perinatal depression on child wellbeing and development (Children, C. on D., Parenting Practices, and the Heaslthy Development of, Medicine, I. of, Education, D. of B. and S. S. and, Council, N. R., 2009) such as hyperactivity, emotional deregulations, behavioral problems (Davis, Davis, Freed, Clark, 2011, van den Berg et al., 2009). These studies outlined the importance of prevention and intervention to foster the paternal perinatal depression issue, th rough developing screening, diagnosis and management guidelines. However, research has shown that men are less likely than women to seek-help for mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, mood disorders and emotional difficulties (PadeskyHammen, 1981; Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007). The Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2007 has reported that â€Å"at some point in their lives one in five men experience anxiety and one in eight will have depression, whereas for women oneShow MoreRelatedFactors That Affect Maternal Mental Health Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesaspect of maternal mental health. Among those mentionable factors social factor is a significant aspect. On the basis of the collected data it has been observed that, women disadvantaged social background is prone and exposed to maternal mental illness. 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Cycle Assessment of Die Cast Model Car Life

Question: Conduct a Qualitative life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a Product with the view of promoting a general understanding of the Environmental Impact of the product from Manufacture through use and Disposal. Answer: Introduction Manufacturing normally focus on the cost and the products quality leaving behind the environmental issue which is regarded as the last option to comply to the regulation of the environment. The environmental performance of the die-cast car model is investigated by the implementation of a life circle assessment. The concern of the environment about the product is becoming a driving force in the activities of the business. One of the major roles LCA is to collect the inventory data of the life circle for a four ground system so as to introduce thinking of the stage of the design product with the scoring system of the environment that are based on the computer. LCA also identify the key parts in the life circle of the product for the improvement of the products performance environmentally.(Ann, 2015, p. 152) To develop the products that are friendly to be the environment, Life Cycle assessment should be implemented first. The product designer can get the guidance from the study of the Life Cycle Assessments output which improves the products performance environmentally so as to help the decision maker in making a long and short term goals. This essay is a review of the LCA task of a die cast model car. Die-casting is a process that produces a metal part that is complex through the usage of reusable moulds. It involves the use of metals, a die and a die-casting machine. In both machines, after the dice are injected, it cools and then solidifies into the final product. It typically makes use of the alloys that are non-ferrous, like in this project we are to use Aluminum alloy which has relatively high dimension stability, easy to cast, density is low and also its ability to resist its corrosion. (B, 2002, p. 96) The main scope of this study is to come up with the life circle assessment of a die-cast model car that will improve its environmental performance. At the time of LCA, the goals of the learning unravels that one has to assemble life cycle inventory data used in die-cast model cars. The qualitative life cycle assessment of a die-cast model car should be conducted, keeping in view the environmental impact of the product from the process of manufacturing and usage. The ensemble outcome from the study is a prelude to the environmental sustainability of the die-cast model cars. (BUWAL, 2001, p. 251) Product and Functional Unit A die-cast model car is produced by using the die-casting method. The car is comprised of plastic, rubber and elaborates glass work by following the process of injection molding. The metals used are aluminum and poly (methyl methacrylate). The functional unit of a die-cast model car can be described as new 1:18 level die-cast car model of Porche Cayman GT4 Racing Yellow die cast car. It entails completely new features and comprises rubber tires. The model die-cast car contains steer-enabled wheels. The model car is made of die-casting, along with some plastic materials. The life span of a die-cast car model can be more than three years of functionality and the components for service can be kept in the company for the whole of that functionality period of the die-cast car model. (2015, p. 190) Table 1: Material and components involved in the manufg oacturing of die-cast model car Component Melting point Atomic mass Aluminum 660 degree Celsius 26.981539 u + 8*10^7 u Poly (methyl methacrylate) 160 degree Celsius Fluctuates System boundary and Data Collection The model of Porche Cayman GT4 Racing Yellow die cast car contains all materials that are maintained in the inventory analysis. Due to certain precarious issues, the data deficiencies are left. Despite data dearth, the process data that is similar to the authentic process is utilized with ease.(Koop, 2002, p. 147) The collection of data process consumes time and also tiring. The cycle of the life process is grouped as foreground and background system that reinforces the mechanism of statistics collection in the study. In order to start the background system, we have utilized secondary data, without assembling data from the existing sites. For instance, commercial data indices are kept under the category of production of raw material mechanism and process of energy. In the process of foreground, we have assembled resources from the particular sites used in every process of the experiment. At the same time, we have concluded the process by deliberating on the questionnaire survey.(H, 2011, p. 86) The extraction of raw resources, the production of experiment staffs and the building of energy are conclusively categorized as the background system, in as much the builders of these products are categorized as homogenous unit. The system of gathering data from the primary sites used within the ambit of the company is known as foreground method of data collection. The waste management process falls under the category of the foreground method.(G, 2003, p. 160) This table shows the foreground ad background and their properties mechanism and properties Life cycle phase Mechanism Properties Extraction of raw materials Background Secondary data Production of energy Background Secondary data Production of material Background Secondary data Production of components Foreground Site-based data Process of gathering a die-cast model car Foreground Site-based data Usage Foreground Assumption Management of waste Foreground Secondary data Scenario and Allocation The burdens of environment in most cases are waste generation and releasing of the emission, which are needed to be allocated to the die-cast car model. The products quantity and its physical properties are chosen to be used as the factors of allocation for the environmental burden depending on the characteristics of the processes. The process in which the products quantity is taken as the factor of allocation is a procedure that the die-cast car model produces burdens of the environment. For a process like management of waste, the allocation done is grouped on the cause effect analysis. After the deliverance of die-cast car model, the materials that have been used for packaging are returned by the retailers or they can be disposed by the consumers. For the materials packaging, the polystyrene is recycled, but packaging materials that are small like Aluminum and Polyethylene bags are buried under the ground and incinerated respectively,(Johnson, 2001, p. 180) Inventory Analysis When the data are collected from the supplier, the emissions, melting point and the balance of mass in the model are then checked by the practitioner of Life Cycle Assessment and an expert within the company. When a data is strange or missing, then the questioner containing statistics is returned to the supplier to verify and find the data missing data. When the supplier lack adequate data then the Life Cycle Assessment practitioner treats the data missing based on the materials composition. The emission from battery cell which is the source of power for the model is calculated based on power grid from Korea. (Ekologik, 2006, p. 142) The calculations of the inventory are done by Life Cycle Assessment commercial software. The impact categories of the die-cast motor car that are used in this study are: Toxicity of the ecology, toxicity of human, global warming, eutrophication, acidification, abiotic resource depletion, formation of photochemical oxidant, depletion of the ozone layer. In these impact categories, their weighing and normalization are done to enable communication with the people who designed the model and the company. The factor of weighing for the impact categories are gotten from the internal or external expects selected from different parties after a survey. Fig. Abiotic resource consumption in life circle of die-cast model car. Fig 2. Environmental emission in life cycle of a die-cast model car Many parameters of the environment are present in the inventory analysis and only are present to represent the other parameters because it is not impossible to show many parameters of the environment. The phase of production largely contributes to the use of Aluminum and Methyl methacrylate because of the being the main material used in die-cast car model. It is not easy to find out the hot spot in the die-cast car model life circle and even the designers of the model find it difficult in understanding the inventory analysis results. But the outcomes of the inventory should be taken serious because it is important in making the in-house database.(Mcgimsey, 2000, p. 185) Impact Analysis Fig3. 8 impacts categories for the dye-cast car model Some resources like water and biotic are not included in the assessment impact because as for the biotic resource they are known as a fund and not a deposit and water is a flow. The abiotic resource calculation of the depletion is made from a method known as reserve base that is majorly concerned with the concentration of the crust of the earth. The production phase is the major contributor to the abiotic resource depletion. Aluminum is the burden of the environment in the abiotic resource depletion in the manufacture of die-cast model car. The impacts of global warming include the gasses effect that is direct with the time of 95 years. Carbon (IV) oxide is the main burden if the environment, that is released from the consumption of the energy. The global warming is contributed by the operating mode by over 50% , the main contributor of the global warming happens during plastic assembly process in which the majority of the greenhouse gases re released into the atmosphere. Hydrocarbon is contributing to the burden in the environment through photochemical formation oxidant. Acidification is caused by SOx, which is very serious environmental burden while eutrophication is also caused by another burden to the environment called NOx . These two environmental burdens are also related to energy negatively. During operating mode, it is when acidification and eutrophication is contributed largely into the atmosphere. (2015, p. 201) The main contributor to both ecological and human toxicity is SOx . The operating mode is important to potential impact but not in the abiotic resource depletion, for any impact category, total solution is important for the product designer for the performance of the environment by making a priority between the hot spot in activities improvement hence the potential impact weights are put into consideration. Results of Weighting The fig. 4 below presents the ration of contribution for each process. It is based on the weighing results, the phases are divided into two: energy saving and operating mode. Energy saving mode contribute to a percentage of 10% and the contribution of operating mode is 60%. Since the two modes depends on the duration of time and also difference in the requirement of energy it is good to estimate the different patterns of scenarios sad their effect and the reliability of the results. The following were the scenarios that were considered. Fig.4 Way 1: Energy mode: 1hr per day and operating mode: 2hr per day Way2: Energy saving mode 1.5hr per day and operating mode 3hr per day Way 3: Energy saving mode 4hr per day and operating mode 2hr per day Way4: Energy saving mode 3hr per day and operating mode 3hr per day Way 5: Energy saving mode 3 hrs per day and operating mode is 7hr per day Way 6: Energy saving mode is 7 hrs per day and operating mode is 9hr per day Fig 5.The analyzed results o the sensitivity and the ways of pattern used Packaging box and material packaging contribute to all the performance of the environment of the die-cast model car for the reduction of the materials amount and improvement of the performance of the environment then a better design is recommended. The process of managing the waste benefits the environment because the material used in designing the die-cast car model can be reused and recycled. More work to collect the data specific which improves the performance of the environment of a die-cast car model at the stage of waste management is required. The injection of plastic which is done by the manufactures into the mold assists in creation of the light weight and lower cost die-cast car model.(Muthu, 2002, p. 104) The life cycle assessment sensitivity studies comes from the boundary of systems, sources of data, methods of allocation and methods of assessing the impacts. As for the system background, secondary data are used for sources of data while for the system fore-ground, there is collection of specific data. When comparing the sensitivity between different systems, it arises more in the background of the system as compared to fore-ground of the system; this is because of the varying emission factors. Improvement Analysis This analysis deals with the die-cast car model which is already in the market, the Life Cycle Assessment was done four people who took a period of around 10 months and four to six months for the study which after a new die-cast model car was then brought into the market. Usually many firms that specialized in designing the die-cast car model comes up with a new model that is competitive yearly. The time duration of new die-cast car model and old die-cast car model in the market is approximately one and half years. There is external use of the Life Cycle Assessment application for example; many firms may want to involve themselves in the external use of the assessment of the life cycle such as die-cast car model as A labeling of the environmental as 1 also. To expound on the effect of model A, labeling the environment on the market, the introduction of the product to the market should have labeling 1 at the beginning.(university, 2004, p. 163) There will be difficulty in the use of Life Cycle Assessment for models that come to the market for a very short duration of time due to the short frame of time. Designing die-cast model car can take a period of 5 to 10 months and the frame of time of the stage manufacturing is about 11 months before a new model is introduced. Manufacturing stage can be a little shorter when compared with the marketing stage but when major markets are put into consideration then the durations are almost the same. The character of the designed die-cast car model will define its duration and the stage use hence the most appropriate option for the time period to use the results of life assessment period is almost a year. The study on assessment of life cycle for die-cast car model may take five to ten months; there is less than five months available duration for communication of outcome of Life Cycle Assessment to the communal when the learning began on the position when the new die-cast car model appeared into the market. To increate the duration of communicating the outcome of life cycle assessment to third party, the model with short life in the market should have their life cycle assessment implemented in the stage of design or else there can be no space for external application use of life cycle assessment because it is an intensive time process.(2015, p. 154) Pre-excising methods are required in the beginning of the designing stage. The Life Cycle Assessment for this model is as follows: Development of life assessment cycle tool for a new die-cast car model group Collection of the data processes for assemblage of raw materials that are used in the die-cast car model group. Identification and collection of data of the product and its changes in specification during the design stage. Implementation of life assessment cycle on a new die-cast car model using the existing data that were made during the stage of manufacturing. In step one and two are the procedure followed before the implementation of life cycle assessment for the application which is external. These are the general steps for any new die-cast car model group: In step i, the methods of life cycle assessment for the die-cast model group like management of waste, rule allocation and usage of ways pattern are decided. The die-cast car model specific data are collected in step two. When step one and two are done, the duration for utilization in data collection and decision about methods of life cycle assessment are reduced. This is ready to be implemented as Life Cycle Assessment in the external parallel application of the die-cast model car design. The data and method that are made in step 1 and 2 can be used for long until the methods changes.(home, 2009, p. 142) Step 3 and 4 are specified steps for die-cast model car, in step 3, there is an identification of the differences between the old die-cast model car and the new die-cast model car. To know the components which are required in the collection of this specific data, designer of the die-cast model car and the practitioner of the Life Cycle Assessment are needed to make the decision. After the data available are screened, there is collection of new data components from the designer. The previously available components from the designer are collected easily and compared with the new once. According to the components that were unavailable before, the data collection is then done immediately after the designing of this components is completed. The die-cast car model designer and the practitioner of life circle assessment should closely operate together, the process is more important in the selection of the material and improvement of performance in the environment. The designer can measure the performance of the environment and provide another option when carrying out life cycle assessment of the die-cast model car in the design stage.(2016, p. 184) The environmental effects of plastics which are used as the part of the body of die-cast car model is also key root of environmental burden such eutrophiction, acidification and toxicity to the environment. The plastic parts of the model can be replaced by environmental friendly products like rubber. The Methyl methacrylate is a hydrocarbon compound which emits greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere and leads to global warming and depletion of the ozone layer. These gasses include CO, CO2, CH4 and CFCs. This compound can be replaced by a mixture of mould called ZAMAC, which is a compound of Zinc, Aluminum, Magnesium and Copper. Though ZAMAC is also hazardous to environment, but it can be applied because it is easy to control the pollution caused by these metals since the designers can decide to locate in one scarcely populated area and only soil is likely to be polluted.(BUWAL, 2001, p. 141) Glass that forms the components that make die-cast car model is also environmental unfriendly because it has a greenhouse effect by preventing the mixing of gasses. The components of glass can be replaced by rubber which is friendly to the environment and reduced the environmental burden through decomposing in the soil quickly. In the current toys, metals are minimized as much as possible, particularly Aluminum that is used together with Methyl methacrylate. The reduction of the metal is done by mixing die-cast and rubber. Conclusion The main reason for this project is to identify the hotspots throughout the die-cast car model for improvement of future. It is noted that the major phase contribution in the life cycle of a die-cast car model is the use phase. Energy saving mode also results to the total environmental performance of the of die-cast car model. The identified hotspots discussed above for a die-cast car model can be grouped into: packaging assembly and body assembly y the designers to improve option. These hotspots can be grouped into uncontrollable and controllable options. Controllable option is when a company can make improvements on its own or can influence the supplier directly to improve.(Vigon, 2000, p. 169) The designer can be asked by the company to reduce the impacts of the environment or burdens on specific environment or even explain the environmental upper limit burden so as to encourage the designers to performance of the environment and the die-cast car model hence the controllable option are grouped on economy relationship that is strong between the designers and the company. The controllable option is not always improved due to investment or technical void. The extraction of raw material associated with the environmental impact and the pattern use of are uncontrollable consumers. The connection between the manufacturers of the raw materials and the company is not strong hence the company cannot ask directly for the improvement of the performance of the environment for the die-cast car model or its designing.(2016, p. 110) The suppliers can be driven by the company since they are directly related to request for the raw materials manufacture to make improvement in the performance of the environment, this is difficult to achieve because direct suppliers are always smaller than the company that are processing the raw materials and have small chances of choosing their supplier of raw materials. In addition, the strategy for improvement for the label control option is separated into two groups depending in the investment cost and the duration period of the development. These strategies are: Long and short term strategies. The strategies that are short term are easily applicable and are of low investment cost. It is the selection of the supplier, reduction of requirement of raw materials, better packaging and design, and raw material replacement. This strategy is practiced in the design stage of the die-cast car model. The decisions on the strategy are grouped on the data process for the technology that is current in which the data is ready to be used therefore more data are required for the short term strategy. (2015, p. 114) References: Ann, M. (2015). Life Cycle student handbook. Newyork: Wiley. B, J. (2002). Hnadbook on life cycle assessment. 2001: Kluwer accademics pulishers. Boyd, S. B. (2001). Life cycle assessment of semi-conductors. London: Springer. BUWAL. (2006). Federal laboratories for material testing and resaerch. St Gallen: LERCHENFELDSTR. Ekologik, S. (2005). Lca it data base. Goteborg: CIT ecologic. Environmental life cycle assessment. (2015). Switzerland: CRC publisher. G, L. L. (2005). Nordic guidlines for life circle assessment. COPENHAGEN: Nordic counsil pf ministers. H, R. (2011). Life cycle assessment i build environment. Newyork: Spon press . Heugungs, R. (2002). Computational structure of LCA. Michigan: Springer. home, R. (2009). life assessment principles. Michigan: Csori publishing. Horn, R. (Csiro publishers). Life cycle assessment priciples. 2009: Autsralia. Johnson, D. (2004). Collectors guid to diecast toys. London: Collector books. K, W. (2014). LCA Guidlines to best practice. London: John weley. kloffter, W. (2001). Life assessment cycle. Newyork: IEEE. Koop, G. (2005). The ecoindicator. Nethelands: Amersfoort. Mcgimsey, K. (2006). Colector matchbox diecast toys. Michigan: Major production. Muthu, S. (2005). Socil life cycle ssessment . Delhi: springer. O, R. S. (2002). The EPS Enviro-accounting method. Goteborg: Swedish enveronmental institute. R, H. (2001). Environmental life circle assessment of products. Leiden: Center of environmental science. R, R. (2003). Evaluation of the environmental Impacts. Michigan: UNEP. RESEATCH, I. E. (2001). IVAN DATA BASE. Netherlands: ivan research. Rubic, F. (2005). Life assessment circle in industry and business. Michigan: Springer. S, K. (200). Screening LCA of a microwave oven . Brussels: SETAK CASE STUDIES SYMPOSIUM. Special types of life assesment . (2016). Netherlends: Springer. T, H. (2001). Finacial aca report of color. Suwon: sumsang electronics limited. T, H. (2005). Final LCA report of monitor. Suon: Sumsang electronics. university, B. (2004). Product design and life assessment. Bastic univercity press. Vigon, B. W. (2000). Life cycle assessment inventory guidlines and principles . Tokyo: Lewis publishers.

Price Discrimination Essays (1646 words) - Marketing, Microeconomics

Price Discrimination Prices are based upon the price elasticity of demand in each given market. In other terms, this means that during ladies night at the local bar, it costs more for men to have a beer than women simply because these bars find it o.k. to charge females less, as a way to draw more females to the business on a specific night. Price discrimination is part of the commercial and business world. Movie theaters, magazines, computer software companies, and thousands of other businesses have discounted prices for students, children, or the elderly. One important note though, is that price discrimination is only present when the exact same product is sold to different people for different prices. First class vs. coach in an airline (though sometimes just differing in how many free drinks you can get) is not an example of price discrimination because the two tickets, though comparable, are not identical. Price discrimination is based upon the economic thoughts and practice of marginal analysis. This process deals specifically with the differences in revenue and costs as choices and/or decisions are made. Profit maximization is achieved not when the number of products sold is the highest, nor when the price is the highest. Profitability price discrimination is only profitable if and when the given target groups price elasticity of demand differs to the point where the separate prices yield to profit maximization for each given group in question (where marginal revenue equals marginal cost). Groups that are more sensitive to prices, (students and senior citizens for example), have a lower price elasticity of demand and are the ones that are often charged the lower prices for the identical goods or services. The key to price discrimination and using it to fully compliment other economic practices, ultimately achieving the total profit maximization, is the ability to effectively and efficiently collect, analyze, and act upon data gathered about the different groups. First of all, the groups must be accurately identified and the differences between groups must be thought of ahead of time. Children, genders, and senior citizens are easily singled-out by appearance, while military personnel, college students, and other groups must carry some sort of identification. Firms typically will quote the highest prices in advertisements, and then offer discounts to qualified groups. The three basic conditions for price discrimination to be effective are: 1) Consumers can be divided into and identified as groups with different elasticities of demand. 2) The firm can easily and accurately identify each customer. 3) There is not a significant resale market for the good in question. The thought process behind the practice of first degree price discrimination is that the firm has enough accurate information about the consumer, and that products can be sold each time for the maximum amount that the consumer is willing to pay. The two more common examples of first-degree price discrimination is called price skimming and all-or-none offers. Skimming refers to the demand function, as firms take the top of the demand of a given good to maximize profits on the sale. This, of course, requires that the firm know the actual demand for the good that it produces. The firm must divide its customers into distinct, independent groups based upon their respective demands for the good. The firm wants to first sell to the group who will pay the highest price for the new product. It then reduces the cost slightly and sells to another group with only a slightly less demand for the good. This process is copied on numerous occasions until the marginal revenue drops to equal marginal c ost. While this example may seem similar to other examples of price discrimination, you should remember that the most significant difference here is that there are a virtually limitless number of possible prices that, if charges correctly, will lead to profit maximization in the end. The firm must, of course, be on the ball and must make constant changes of the demand, and the price for the good, at any given time, after the initial price is set, and a number of units are sold. Firms practicing price skimming will generally start their pricing schedules where the demand schedule has its vertical

Adventures Of Huck Finn And History Essays - English-language Films

Adventures Of Huck Finn And History The world in which we live in now is much less oppressive than say the world lived in the middle of the 1800's. Up until the Civil War, the South depended on their ?peculiar institution' of slavery, in order to be productive a successful. Most people believed slavery was not wrong, but those who thought otherwise seldom tried to alter it. In general if surrounded by oppressive environment, one does not usually try to make a difference in that world. This is because people are afraid to defend what is right against a whole mass of people who believe otherwise. Huck Finn in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Billy Budd in Billy Budd, and Frederick Douglass in his autobiography all portray individuals who because of their good, innocent qualities go up against the oppression in their society. Living in an oppressive society does not always draw you to do the wrong thing you are still capable of generating change, whether it be for a certain individual or against a whole mass of people. Billy Budd starts off on the ship the "Rights of Man", Melville obviously showing his intent in the naming of the first ship. This shows that on this ship where Billy wanted to be and chose to be he had rights. That he and the other crew had choices of what to do and how to be. Then along comes the British navy and decides that they are going to take Billy aboard their ship "Power of War". This is when Billy is brought into an oppressive society. This is the navy and wartime during which rules must be followed as well as a lifestyle that must be followed. Billy is a poor innocent boy with a childish stutter. This stutter shows Billy's humane side, a flaw, as well as leading you to the thinking that he has the innocence of a child. This stutter is connected to innocence because of its childish qualities. When most children begin speaking they have some sort of stutter, which usually goes away. The stutter parallels innocence because it is showing that you are just learning how to talk and don't really comprehend the correct way to make sounds, as you grow older you learn and the stutter disappears. Like innocence you are born with it, but as you grow older you usually are not portrayed as innocent any longer. Billy is like the premature kid who still has both his stutter and his innocence. Billy is introduced to many people aboard his new ship and is confronted by John Claggart. In this movie Claggart is the one who Billy must actually go up against. Being in an oppressive society and Claggart being the master Billy is forced to listen to Claggart. Although he tries to avoid him he is nevertheless confronted by him. Claggart and Billy are totally opposite in character. Claggart is an evil man who is out to get Billy whereas Billy is a sweet innocent young man who tries to help others. It is these two opposite traits that eventually lead to the death of both of these men. Billy tries to avoid Claggart because he has heard of his evil and does not want to deal with it. It is until he hears of Claggart's accusations that he is involved in a mutiny that he confronts him leading to the deathblow, which Billy delivers to Claggart. Captain Vere now holds a court to determine Billy's consequences. Captain Vere is torn here between doing the right thing morally and doing the right thing legally, and in the end he realizes he has sworn to uphold the law and does just that. Billy did indeed kill a higher officer and according to the laws must be sentenced death. On the other hand, Billy was sticking up for himself. Captain Vere's legal side wins the battle; Billy is condemned and hanged. Billy's hanging meant a lot. It tore the officers among themselves, most saying Billy was justified in his actions therefore should not be punished to the extent of death. This makes a difference in the whole issue of oppression aboard this ship. We now know that the officers, while usually acting inhumane, actually do have a humane side and are capable of being in touch with that side when needed. Billy changes the society by killing Claggart because now no one aboard the ship will have to deal with his evilness again, although Billy and his goodness

Application of RFID Technology

Application of RFID Technology The discovery of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology was initially met with skepticism. Skeptics were not convinced of the practicability if its implementation and argued that its use was limited. However, it is so much part of life today that it is impossible to imagine life without it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of RFID Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More RFID technology utilizes radio waves to locate objects. It uses a system of unique codes placed on an object, which are transmitted as radio waves to an electronic identifier. An object can be read beyond its physical visibility range. RFID has three basic components namely: the tag placed on the object, the antenna reader and the computer software. The antenna emits a radio signal, which in turn activates the reading of the transporter tag. The transporter tag has a silicon chip with special encoded message, containing object data. The reader decodes this data and passes it to the computer software for interpretation. RFID is intended to enable the transmission of data from a mobile device, the transporter tag (see Fig. 1). The silicon chip in the transporter tag contains object such as the exact place of location, the date of manufacture, the color of the product, the price, or any other relevant information. Currently RFID is being used to track physical assets, identification of persons, tracking animals, in supply chains, in retail stores, as a mode of payment and in security controls (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to explain he modern uses of RFID technology and how it affects living. RFID has been found to be more advantageous than the Universal Product Code (UPC) system it replaced. Its range of operation is wider than the UPC. RFID readers can communicate with multiple tags, which do not need to be within sight, at the same time. Most importantly, these tags can store more information about the product than UPC (Umar, Einitz, Imunovic, Andeep, and Ranzon, 2009). One of the most prominent uses of RFID technology is in the food industry. It replaced the less effective Universal Product Code. To begin with, it is used in management of food supply chains. Electronic tags are placed on food items that help in identification during transportation and storage. Such reputable companies like Wal-Mart, uses RFID chips to track its products as they enter its supply and distribution chain. The British Telecommunications company has an innovative way of using RFID. It has created an online tracking system of food products called BT foodnet. This system reduces the cost and the time used on recalling substandard food products (Umar et al, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other than the supply chain managem ent, Umar et al (2009), explain that RFID is also useful in monitoring temperatures of sensitive food products. The attachment of RFID transporter tags allows for the recording of the temperature of food products and as a result, it becomes easier to evaluate their shelf life. The tags have visual display mechanism that indicates the status of the food item. For example if the item is beyond its shelf life the transporter, tag blinks red. Other RFID tags are a bit complicated and can read and store about 13000 temperature readings in a single instance. These tags can transmit the data for a distance of up to 100 meters. Lastly, this technology has also been useful in maintenance of food safety standards. In transportation and storage of perishable goods like meat and fruits, RFID tags are combined with thermometers that read the storage temperatures. This helps in determining whether the company meets safe food handling standards. It is also used to monitor and determine the ripenin g rates of horticultural products in transit (Umar et al, 2009). RFID has found easy application in mobile phone technology. Mobile phones are equipped with an RFID tag that gets is power form the device’s battery. This tag is supported by the mobile phone operating system, the software in use in the mobile phone device and the mobile phone hardware. Using the RFID technology, the mobile phone acts as the link between all mobile phone solution providers. The transporter tags are used to relay information to these solution providers, and can support and facilitate many inter-service transactions. Mobile phone operating systems have been developed in such a way that they are able to support reader tags used in mobile devices. The current mobile industry is linked with its widespread popularity in its games. The invention of Radio Frequency Identification have necessitated the games industries visualizing on how to design new games that will enable interactions of the virtual an d real worlds, where users can interact with objects that are in transits or stationary. The Radio Frequency Identification does not only mean the interaction of objectives, but also entails the use of other short-range communications such as the Bluetooth or WiFi. These require a source of power and thus can only operate using a passive tag or barcode. Formerly cell phones had an on board camera to decode the code on the camera or from an online database.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of RFID Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the existence of Radio Frequency Identification offers an alternative faster solution in mobile games and cameras as their tags can be accessed at a rate of up to 424 kbits/s, while the former barcodes used image capture and processing that is slow as it takes some seconds. Apart from its use in the game industry, the Radio Frequency Identification has found its a pplication as a credit card through a technology referred as Near- Field –communication. This mode of mobile phone payment is currently in its trial in US, Finland, Germany among others. The difference is that with NFC communication is two ways rather than one as in the case with Radio Frequency Identification credit card chips. This makes this new technology more advanced and secure. This occurs when an induced current flows in wire of the coil of NCF when one passes close or in a magnetic field that. Thus, when a mobile phone that is equipped with a NCF passes nearby a NCF- payment station that is producing electromagnetic field and that contain a coil of conductor inside makes an electric current that jumps in between the two coils to be generated. Through this process the user can use his/her mobile phone to transact as if he was using his/her credit card. Nokia 6131 is an example of NFC integrated phone. With such a phone apart from making mobile payments an user can loc k or unlock the door of your office (Layton, 2011). RFID has also proved invaluable technology to apply in hospitals. It is very efficient in management and administration of hospital operations. Gradually it has found acceptance as a solution that will reduce wastages in hospitals. Hospitals use RFID to monitor patient’s actual location, location of special medical equipment and management of patient information among many other functions. In management of patient’s information doctors can scan patient’s mobile tags and access their medical history. Hospital staff can also use the technology on patients before they arrive in hospital by encoding the patients name, condition and location. This makes it easer for hospital personnel to anticipate the arrival of such patients and to locate their movement within the hospital.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More RFID has replaced bar code technology, which was prone will errors that were too costly to hospitals. RFID has been found to be more useful than just improving the efficiency of manual tasks. It has not only been effectively used in tracking of special care patients that would pose a threat to the public, but also identify and isolate patients with specific ailments in big crowded hospitals. This was found effective in Asia in management of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARs) outbreak. The Taiwanese government collaborated with Taipei Medical University Hospital (TMUH) in developing a system of patient tags, field readers and generators that identified the location of SARs victims. Patient’s tags had thermometers that would read patients temperatures. It became easier to identify, isolate and give urgent attention to these patients. Because of the potential of the RFID radio waves to interferer with the functioning of sophisticated medical equipment, the Washington Hospi tal Centre developed the ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency, which operates on lower strength signal, and therefore not powerful enough to interfere with these equipments (Chao, 2007). The use of RFID technology has not been without challenges. To begin with, it is such an expensive undertaking for any company that intends to implement this strategy. Most companies do not see the business sense of installing the whole system that supports the use of RFID, arguing that it has no return on investment. A considerable proportion of these gadgets are not reliable enough. The system also generates very huge amounts of data that most companies cannot manage, even with the help of RFID. Companies need qualified personnel to implement and run, which adds to cost of dong business. There are also privacy issues on the use of this technology, which may violate individual freedoms and liberties. Lastly, the system is prone to abuse. Fake tags can be used instead of genuine ones, thus evading detecti on of counterfeit goods (Attaran, 2009). Fig. 1: RFID technology. Source: Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility In conclusion, RFID technology is very useful in efficiency improvement in modern business practice. Not only does It provided real time information of objects but also creatively used management of complex situations such as identification and isolation of object that pose a threat. RFID has been embraced with considerable enthusiasm as it has more use than the traditional UPC. However, there are notable hindrances for its use, such as hacking, privacy issues, and cost implications, among others. Despite this, it is still being creatively used and its benefits far outweigh the demerits. References List Association for automatic identification and mobility. RFID / what is RFID?. Web. Attaran, M. (2009). Keeping the promise of efficiency: RFID trend and its renewed popularity. Industrial Engineer  Chao, J. (2007). Patient tracking system using RFID. Los Angeles: University of California, Layton, L. (2011).Can you use a cell phone as a credit card? Retrieved from https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/nfc-phone.htm Umar, P., Einitz, J., Imunovic, K., Andeep, and Ranzon, P. ( 2009). Overview of RFID technology and Its applications in the food industry. Journal of Food Science, 74. DOI 10.1111/j.1750-8841.01323.x

Life Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Life Learning - Essay Example Even so, there are some lessons and experiences that one must undergo before becoming a leader. Based on the Kolb-Fry model, one has to undergo an effective learning process that sees one go through the stages of a concrete experience, observation and reflection of the experience, analysis and conclusion, which eventually results in new experiences. Through such experiences, undergoes enough tests to gain leadership traits. While leadership may be inbuilt, at times it involves intensive training before one acquires desired leadership qualities. Through training, one understands the need to inspire and empower others. This lies under psychological leadership in which a person reads the psychology of followers and understands exactly how to direct them to realize organizational objectives. The number of natural born leaders is very few in the current society. I have experienced several leadership mishaps in the organizations I have worked in over the years. To enhance effectiveness in leadership, it is essential for one to train them in lieu to the setting they find themselves at that time. Great leadership is about one’s actions, and not about what they know about leadership. Naturally, I am an outgoing, generous, and carefree person. I am smart can learn anything fast, and have a great memory. I have always had a lot of friends at home, school and work. I have always been a leader and I understa nd how to take on a task and complete with quality. People look up to me at my workplace, and I have been the motivator in the departments I have worked at. Leadership training is at times ineffective. Naturally, leaders are not trained; they are developed. I learnt that it is nearly impossible for a person to tell another on how to lead. Developing a leader is easier and much more effective than training a leader. That is the reason as to why most leadership training programs are ineffective. Sometimes one is just not born

Computational Biology The Serine Protease Active Site Essay - 1

Computational Biology The Serine Protease Active Site - Essay Example Chymotrypsin belongs to the trypsin family of serine proteases and is usually secreted in inactive form (zymogen) in the small intestine. The structure of chymotrypsin was elucidated via the X-ray crystallography.Below is the structure of chymotrypsinogen (see Error: Reference source not found) The active site is the catalytic unit of an enzyme. The determination of the three-dimensional structure of chymotrypsin by X-ray crystallography was the basis of greater insight into the mechanism of action of serine proteases. The Swiss-PDB Viewer software available at http://spdbv.vital-it.ch/disclaim.html was used to manipulate the coordinates of chymotrypsin and subtilisin serine proteases retrieved from the protein data bank (PDB available at www.rcsb.org). The catalytic site of most srine peptidaeses including chymotrypsin is composed of a catalytic traid of serine, histidine and aspartic acid residues. The ezyme the experimnt dealt with are are serine proteases and they have been known to exhibit similar spatial arrangements. However, the residues of the enzymes may adopt different order in the amino acid sequence. Catalytic triad is composed of Ser195 on one side and Asp102 and His57 on the other side inside the active site cleft. An extensive hydrogen bonding network exists in the triad for instance NÃŽ ´1-H of His57 and OÃŽ ´1 of Asp102 and also between OH of Ser195 and the NÃŽ µ2-H of His57. However in the event that His57 is protonated the latter bond is lost (Hedstrom, 2002). Figure 8: The positions of the backbone nitrogens are shown; the residues are Ser195 and Gly193 and the distances from these nitrogens to the peptide carbonyl oxygen. This brings the two residues closer for interactions to occur The catalytic triad in subtilisin contains residues 32, 64 and 221; the oxyanion hole comprises the side chain of Asn155 and the backbone NH of Ser 221; the mouth of the specificity

It is a movie and questions about it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

It is a movie and questions about it - Essay Example Sam has a developmental disability (mental capacity of a 7-year-old), and he is the father of Lucy. As a single parent, he struggles to give Lucy a happy life after the abandonment by her mother. Her mother was a street woman and disappeared immediately after giving birth. In spite of the single parent and disability problem, Sam has friends with developmental disabilities who are very supportive. His neighbor Annie (Dianne West) also takes care of Lucy when the father is busy at work. As Lucy grows, she learns of her father’s mental disability who other kids describe as a retard. During her birthday, policemen take her away, and her father approaches lawyer Rita Harrison. She agrees to help him by taking the case as pro bono. At the last trial, the opposing counsel convinces Sam that he is not a capable father. Lucy is taken away to reside in a foster home that features Randy Carpenter as her mother. Lucy escapes from the foster home several times at night to her fatherâ€⠄¢s house. As the movie comes to the end, the family takes the girl back to her father and promises to help offer help in raising the kid. The movie prominently features two family members; Sam and Lucy. Sam is the loving father of Lucy. Although he has a disability, he works very hard at Starbucks cafà © to provide for his daughter’s needs. His efforts to have a decent life see him obtain a new job of taking care of dogs. He is a loving man and does everything beyond his abilities to get his daughter back. He has an outgoing personality that has earned him some mentally challenged friends. Besides, Sam is full of determination and does not allow the disability to define his personality. In spite of the disability, he is determined to be the best father to Lucy. Lucy is the only child of Sam. She was born out of Sam’s relationship with Rebecca, a street woman. Just like her father, Lucy is a loving girl and goes against

A Review Of Controlled Release Fertilizers Biology Essay

A Review Of Controlled Release Fertilizers Biology Essay In general, plants must be supplied with nutrients during the whole vegetation period. In horticulture this is achieved by applying quickly soluble fertilizer once to twice a week, for example. This kind of fertilizer application is very labour-intensive and requires considerable specialist knowledge, so as to select the correct rate of application, appropriate time of application and correct composition for the particular plants to ensure optimum plant production. With the use of slow or controlled release fertilizers the full amount of nutrients necessary for the whole vegetation period can be applied at the time of planting or at the earliest stages of plant growth, in the form of a nutrient pool Also, about half of the applied fertilizers, depending on the method of application and soil condition, is lost to the environment, which results in the contamination of water [1].This kind of environmental concerns of feeding crops with traditional fertilizers has led to developing Slow Release Fertilizers (SRFs) or Controlled Release Fertilizers (CRFs). SRFs or CRFs are easy and safe to use. They reduce risk of incorrect fertilizer application; they are labour saving; and minimize nutrient losses by leaching or fixation. The idea of producing SRFs was developed from 1963 by encapsulation of fertilizers by waxes. After that, these products have been commercialized. There are lots of SRF and CRF brands; market leader in controlled release fertilizers is Scotts Professional with key brands such as Osmocote Exact, Sierrablen and Osmoform. SunGro Company is also producing controlled release fertilizers with brand name of Multicoate. AGLUKON is also another commercialized SRF product [2-4]. Like lots of scientific fields, agriculture industry has been over shadowed by nanotechnology. Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture includes agriculture crop improvement, nanobiotechnology analysis of gene expression and regulation soil management, plant disease diagnostics, efficient pesticides and fertilizers, water management, bioprocessing, post harvest technology, monitoring the identity and quality of agricultural produce and precision agriculture[5]. Efficient pesticides and fertilizers in terms of Nano-composite based slow release fertilizers are developing in current decades. Using nanoparticles as reinforcing or cementing agent of polymer coatings has been the only feature of nano particles which is used in preparing slow release fertilizers [6,7]. Fertilizers Fertilizers are applied to soil to promote plant growth. They contain some beneficial nutrients including macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium which are added to soil in quantities from0.2% to 4.0% (on a dry matter weight basis) and are more essential than micronutrients. Micronutrients are elements which are applied to soil in much smaller amounts, ranging from 5 to 200 ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weigh. These elements could be sulfur (S), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn)[8,9]. 2.2. Types of fertilizers Fertilizers would be categorized from source of being and also from release properties points of view. All fertilizers could be organic or synthetic from source of being point of view. Organic fertilizers are naturally occurred including seaweed, worm casting, manure, slurry, peat, humic acid, guano and brassin. They provide slow release of nutrient as they need soils bacteria to be broken down to needed elements. Also, they may improve the biodiversity of soil by supplying organic matters and micronutrients for organisms. Organic fertilizers are cheaper and safer than synthetic fertilizers [9,10]. The main synthetic or mineral fertilizers are urea, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, phosphate rock, potassium chloride, super phosphates, calcium ammonium nitrate, potassium sulphate and NPK, PK and PK compound fertilizers. The most important drawbacks of synthetic fertilizer is their long term sustainability. Also, they are more expensive in contrast to organic fertilizers [10]. Also, fertilizers can be categorized into ordinary and controlled release fertilizers from release properties points of view. Drawbacks of non- controlled release fertilizers Ordinary fertilizers leach to soil very quickly and most of them are not used by the plants. According to figures about 40-70% of nitrogen, 80-90% of phosphorous, and 50-70% of the applied normal fertilizer is lost to environment and cannot be used by plants[11]. This rapid leaching will cause burning of plants and growing in spurts. Also, the lost elements will make some serious problems for our environment. Eutrophication, Blue baby syndrome, soil acidification, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal accumulation, atmospheric effects are environmental concerns of ordinary fertilizers. Another result of quick leaching of fertilizer is repeating the application of fertilizers which will increase the costs[8,12,13]. Slow or controlled release fertilizers Slow release fertilizers or controlled release fertilizers are coated in a substance that enables a slow release time and eliminates need for constant fertilization and higher efficiency rate than soluble fertilizers [14]. The interest in these materials is for one or more of the following reasons: Availability of nutrients during the hole growing-season; reduced nutrient loss via leaching and run-off; reduced cost and labor outlay in crop production; reduced chemical and biological immobilization reactions in soil which cause plant unavailable forms; reduction of rapid nitrification and nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization and denitrification; reduced seed or damage from high local concentrations of salts; reduced leaf burn from heavy rates of surface-applied fertilizers; better seasonal distribution of growth and better acclimatization in home or display environment; improved storage and handling of fertilizer materials[15]. Differences between slow and controlled release fertilizers Although there is no a special difference in general function of CRF and SRF, but it should be mentioned that they are manufactured by different materials and techniques with different properties. In slow release fertilizers elements are present in the fertilizers in a chemical form, which is not available to plants and they will be converted by physiochemical effects or microorganisms activities into nutrient forms in the soil. But in controlled release fertilizers elements are packed in coated granules and are released through the coating over a certain period of time. Also, in SRFs nutrients available period is affected by a lot of factors such as water content of soil, Ph, temperature, microorganisms activity, aeration. However, the longevity of CRF depends on coating thickness and temperature of soil. Only coating method is effective in changing pattern of nutrients release and a fixed coating thickness control nutrients release. In CRFs declared release time refers to soil temp erature of 20-21 oC. Higher temperatures accelerate the element release and lower temperatures make it longer [4,16]. SRFs are chemically prepared slow released. Some kinds of SRFs are Urea Aldehydes (UA) and Chelated Micronutrients(CM). Common type of UAs is urea formaldehyde which is high nitrogen fertilizer. Starting release rate of UAs is high but it dies off slowly for 3 years. This kind of fertilizer depends on microorganisms to break it down for plant use. CMs are substances that hold firmly together iron, manganese, zinc, and copper. They slowly releases over a long period of time [17]. 2.4.2. Types of CRFs 2.4.2.1. Sulfur Coated (SC) Elemental sulfur when is oxidized to its sulfate form would be one of the nutrients which is essential for some plants and is normally blended with other fertilizers. Using sulfur coating is also another way to provide sulfur simultaneously with making slow release properties for a core granular fertilizer. As the sulfur containing materials like polysulfides or lingosulfonate are brittle and also give a low wetting of defects they are normally mixed with waxes or plasticizers. Many formulas are available for SCs. Their release time is generally 3-4 months. SDs are released by microorganisms [18-22] 2.4.2.2. Wax coated (WC) One of the methods of reducing fertilizer release rate is dispersing granular fertilizers with molten wax and then cooling the mixture below the melting point of the wax [23]. Paraffin is one of the most used wax as a coating for fertilizers. Paraffin  wax   is a white, tasteless, odorless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 47  °C and 64  °[24]. Other types of waxes are synthetic oil based, petroleum or mineral waxes. Waxes are normally used by an additive or a tackifiere agent to make a good sealing properties [25,26] 2.4.2.3. Polymer Coated (PC) Polymer-coated fertilizers (PCF) represent the most technically advanced controlled released fertilizers. They include a water-soluble fertilizer core and one or more than one layers of polymer. There are large varieties of polymers to coat the core fertilizer also the coatings layer could be the same one or different. In PC fertilizers release of nutrients will happen by diffusion through a semi permeable polymer membrane. Water penetrates the coating and dissolves the core. Release rate can be controlled by varying the composition and thickness of the coating. In addition, pressure builds up can cause cracks to form, from which fertilizer passes into the soil [27, 28]. 2.5. Review of preparation methods of different polymer coated CRFs 2.5.1. Sole Polymer coated One type of polymer coated CRFs is the one which the fertilizer core which could be N, P, K OR NPK compound, is just coated with one or more than one layer of polymer coating. In this case the polymer could be solvent based or water-based. The application process starts with dissolving the polymer in a organic solvent or water. After dissolving the coating will be sprayed onto the fertilizer in a coating drum or fluid bed [29]. Benefits of polymer coated CRFs are as follow; uniform and defect free coating will surround fertilizer; the coating will be very tough and durable which is resistant against mechanical breakdown; they are biologically inactive so they will not breakdown by soil microbes. In most cases except for degradable polymers release of fertilizers will be happen by diffusion through polymer coat rather than through defects. In some other coated fertilizers like sulfur coatings there should be a flaw in coating to make release of fertilizer. There are lots of examples for polymers which have been used in literatures as coating for fertilizers, some of them are as follow; dicyclopentadien[30],Urea and urethane based [31-36], epoxy based [ 37-39], polyvinylidene chloride-based latex[29] carboxyl-carrying ethylene polymers[40], biodegradable starch based[41], urea formaldehyde[42]. However, polymer coated fertilizers have some week points. About solvent-based coatings using large amount of organic solvents like toluene or xylene will lead to environmental concerns. These solvents are volatile and releasing them to environment makes some hazards for human health. Also, polymer coatings are more expensive than sulfur coatings; the process and equipments are also more complex than equipments used for other coatings. 2.5.2. Sulfur-polymer coated One of most common coated fertilizers are the ones in which core fertilizer is covered by a layer of sulfur coating and a layer of polymer. The polymer layer can be primer or outer layer; means that sulfur layer in some researches has been the first layer and in some others the outer layer. Sulfur Using coating is a suggested method to remove drawbacks of sulfur coated CRFs. One of these drawbacks is very fast release of fertilizer in first few days after application. The other one is brittleness of sulfur coatings which may lead to some fractures during handling or storage and losing the fertilizer into soil. Another problem is that sulfur coatings have a high surface tension with water and cannot provide enough wetting for a good diffusion [19, 29, 38, 21]. The most common method for applying the sulfur coating is spray. Molten sulfur compound will be sprayed over a pre-polymer coated fertilizer granule [38,43]. 2.5.3. Wax-polymer coated There are lots of researches focusing on making controlled release fertilizers using Wax-polymer coatings. Wax layer has three major benefits; one is that they are applied over the polymer layer for decreasing the fracture probability of coating and the other one is for decreasing the amount of polymer and avoiding consuming more polymers to make the process cost effective. Also, they can eliminate imperfection of granules surface to make a good surface coating. Most common waxes which have been used in state of the art is C30 alpha-olefin and paraffin. Other petroleum products like lubricants and bitumen or natural products like canola oil, soybean oil, coconut oil and palm oil, also have been used. After melting the wax it will be applied by mixing with polymer coated fertilizer. Normally the polymer is thermoset to avoid any damages of polymer by the wax in its melting point. The wax normally should have drop melting point from 50 to 120 °C. Wax is normally about 0.2% to 10 % by weight of fertilizer [25, 38, 44, 45]. 2.5.4. Filler- polymer coated As mentioned before, despite lots of advantages of polymer coating to make slow release properties when such polymers are used as a sole coating material the ultimate product would be expensive as you have to consume large amount of polymer. Using mineral or organic fillers is one way to avoid using large amount of polymer. Also, in some researches fillers play the role of detackifier, to prevent adherence of coated granules to each other, and strengthening agent [46]. Fillers may be used either as a mixture with polymer to make a nano-composite polymer [47] or as a separate layer. The most common method is second one in which the filler will be added and mixed with polymer coated granules before drying the granules. Most common used fillers are some very fine(less than 20 microns) inert inorganic materials like clay, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, kaolin, gypsum powdered limestone, talc, barium sulfate. Some other fillers like waste cellulosic materials also have used as filler in combination with polymer.[47-51] 2.6. Techniques coating application According to studies have been done; encapsulation methods of fertilizers can be divided into three methods including in-situ, spray and mixing. 2.6.1. In situ This method includes formation of fluid dispersion of the soluble fertilizer in a solvent and mixing the prepared solution with monomers of a polymer. Polymerization will happen and depend on the method; granules or particles of fertilizers will form. Ni et al [52] have developed a double-coated urea fertilizer. For preparation of poly (N-vinyl-pyrrolidone) hydrogels containing urea (PCU), the monomer and a solution of urea in N-vinyl-pyrrolidone were mixed together. The polymerization was carried out at 65à ¢- ¦C for 3 h. The resulting samples were vacuum-dried, milled, screened and stored. After that first coating was dried sample and some amounts of urea were mixed with sodium alginate (SA) solution. Mixed solution was then added drop wise into 5% (w/w) CaCl2 aqueous solution and stirred constantly. The drops immediately turned into granules (about 4mm in diameter) because the SA in the drop was crosslinked by Ca2+ at once. The granules were filtered and dried in oven at 70à ¢- ¦ C. Then the granules were added to ethylcellulose ethanol solution. Multiple EC coatings were prepared by immersion of the previously coated granules into the Ethylcellulose (EC) solution repeatedly. Thus, EC-coated urea granules with different coating thickness were obtained. Hanafi et al [53], have coated a compound fertilizer by polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyacrylamide (PA), natural rubber (NR), and polylactic acid (PLA) using in situ method. For encapsulation of compound fertilizer with polyacrylamide the granules were added to the solution mixture of monomers. Then the polymerization reaction will start in existence of fertilizers. The thickness of the coating layer on the compound fertilizer granules, determined by SEM, gave PVC compound coated fertilizer the highest value of 3.04 lm, and the lowest was obtained by PA (2.04  µm). Variation in the characteristics of the polymers would be utilized in producing CR compound fertilizer that fit the requirements of growing plants. Hudson et al [38] used epoxy to coat the fertilizer. In this research the urea granules were charged to a pan and warmed to 95 °C. Then the hydrogenated tallaw amine, 2-amino ethyl peperazine and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether were mixed and were added to the granules; meanwhile polymerization happened and prepared mixture was agitated till the fertilizer granules dried. 2.6.2. Spray method This method is most common method for coating the fertilizer granules in state of the art[. Usually, the solution of polymer in a suitable solvent is sprayed on the granule of fertilizer and then the granules are dried to remove the solvent through evaporation. The treatment is repeated as often as necessary until the desired coating percentage is reached. Lan et al [54] have used Chitosan and poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) as biodegradable polymers to coat the NPK fertilizer. The NPK was compound fertilizer granules with about 2 mm in diameter. It was placed in a rotary drum and then the Chitson powder which was dissolved in epoxy-aceton solution was sprayed over the fertilizer. After drying the coating , Chitson coated granules were added to a flask equipped with a mechanical mixer. Carbon tetracholoride, polyethylene glycoloctyl phenyl ether, sorbite anhydride monostearic acid ester, solution of acrylic acid acrylamide , N,N- methylenebisacrylamide and ammonium persulfate was slowly added to the flask. After mixing the coated granules were dried in oven. This product with good controlled-release and water-retention capacity, being degradable in soil and environment-friendly, could be especially useful in agricultural and horticultural applications. Tomaszewska et al [55] have used spray technique for encapsulation of fertilizers. In order to improve the properties of coatings, the granules of previously coated fertilizer (wet method) were sprayed with a polymer solution or pure solvent (N,N dimethylformamide). Concentration of the polymer in solutions used for spraying was in the range of 13-17 wt%. Measurements of thickness, porosity of prepared coatings and microphotographic observation of the coatings were taken. Ma et al [56] have developed a method for encapsulation of fertilizer with a self assembled coating. The fertilizer granules were heated in a rotary drum to 75 °C for 10 minutes. Then the self assembling amphiphilic molecules (N,N-bisaminoethyl eleostearate) were sprayed over the fertilizer. After 20 minutes aliphatic isocyanates were sprayed over fertilizer. This process was repeated once again. The fertilizer kept for drying in the 75 °C for 20 minutes. Dai et al [57], have developed a controlled release fertilizer using a water soluble resin as a coating. The granular compound fertilizer was coated in fluidized bed. Lan et al [58], prepared a double-coated slow-release NPK compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention properties (DSFSW), whose inner coating was chitosan (CTS), and the outer coating was crosslinked poly(acrylic acid)/diatomite-containing urea (PAADU). This prepared product not only has slow-release property but also could absorb a large amount of water and preserve the soil moisture at the same time. In addition, the outer coating (PAADU) could protect the inner coating (CTS) from mechanical damage. These were significant advantages over the normal slow release or controlled-release fertilizers, which generally have only a slow-release property. The results indicated that the DSFSW could be found an application in agriculture and horticulture, especially in drought-prone regions where the availability of water is insufficient. At first the outer coating containing urea diatomite (PAADU) was prepared. The NPK compound fertilizer granule was placed into a rotary drum, and the Chitosan powder was stuck on the granules by means of epoxy dissolved in acetone. The adhesive was applied by spraying at regular time intervals. The process was finished until compact and homogeneous coating formed on fertilizer granule. The coated granules were dried to a constant mass at room temperature for 6 h. Then the CTS-coated NPK compound fertilizer granules were obtained. CTS-coated NPK compound fertilizer granules were dipped in water and then were immediately placed on PAADU powder and shaken. In this manner, PAADU could adhere to the surface of CTS-coated NPK compound fertilizer and form the outer coating. The surface of the product was crosslinked by spraying methanol solution of epoxy chloropropane and then dried in a 70  °C oven to obtain the final product, i.e., the double-coated slow-release NPK compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention. Hansen et al [36], encapsulate the granular fertilizer with the epoxy resin using spray method. In this research not coated fertilizer was placed in a rotating drum and pre heated to 250 ° F. A rapid drying solution of copolymers dicyclopentadiene and a modified vegetable oil were applied over fertilizer using spray in a thin stream of resin. Simultaneously hot air was passed through drum. Next monomers of second resin including a mixture of epoxidized soybean oil and polyester curing agent were applied over prepared granules. The solvent was a mixture of xylol and Cellosolve acetate. Hansen et al [39] also have used the above mentioned method for encapsulation of fertilizer with polyurethane. First of all the preheated fertilizer was coated by a synthetic drying oil. After drying the coating for a few minutes fertilizer were dusted by clay. Then Urethane solution in xylene and Cellosolve acetate were applied using spray. 2.6.3.Simple mixing In this method granules are simply mixed with the coating at its melting point or with a solution of polymer in a suitable solvent. Tomaszewska et al [59] used this method for coating the granular NPK fertilizer with polysulfone (PSF), cellulose acetate (CA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The coating solutions were prepared by the dissolution of the solid polymer in adequate solvent. The NPK fertilizer was successively added to adequate polymer solution, and was covered by a thin layer of the solution. Subsequently, granules were dropped into water, where the gelation process takes place. The coated granules were removed from the precipitation bath and then dried to a constant mass. The multiple coatings were prepared by immersion of the single coated fertilizer into adequate polymer solution, then into water and drying. Hon [47] has prepared the coated granules by mixing method. After melting the thermoplastic polymer by heating, the cellulosic additive has been added to melt resin. Then after allowing the temperature to drop, for avoiding the fertilizer damage, the granules or powder fertilizer has been mixed with the prepared mixture using a Brabender Mixer. Markusch et al[60] just has mixed the fertilizer pellets with at first, a diluted polyol and then with a diluted isocyantae to make a polyurethane coating. Then the feretilizer were placed in oven for drying. 2.7. Special equipment for application of polymer coating Typical physical method for encapsulating fertilizers are spray coating, spray drying, pan coating, rotary disk atomization. Special equipments for these methods are rotary drum, pan or ribbon or paddle mixer, fluidized. Fluidized bed and rotary drums are the most important equipments [87, 88] Polymers used as coating for CRFs A broad range of polymers has been used in fertilizer coating. These polymers could be thermoset, thermoplastic or biodegradable. Some of common thermoset polymers are urethane resin, epoxy resin, alkyd resin, unsaturated polyester resin, phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin, phenol resin, silicon resin. Among them, urethane resin urethane is very common used.[36,61] Thermoplastic resins are not very common used in art because of some problems. As mentioned before a very preferable method of applying polymers is spraying the dissolved polymer over granules. Either some of thermoplastic resins are not soluble in a solvent or make a very viscose solution which is not suitable for spraying. Polyolefine is used in art for coating the fertilizer granules [47,62]. Biopolymers, dispose in bioactive environments, degrade by the enzymatic action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae and their polymer chains may also be broken down by non enzymatic processes such as chemical hydrolysis. Non-biodegradable polymers are not environmental friendly. Due to environmental concerns there are some trends of replacing non-bio with bio degradable polymers as coating material from 1970s. But it should be mentioned that they are expensive yet and not very cost effective. Also, in production process durability of polymer should be adjusted with release time of fertilizer. Among natural and synthetic biopolymers starch and cellulose based polymers, chitosan (a linear  polysaccharide),poly lactic acid and poly(ÃŽÂ µ-caprolactone) due to low cost and abundance are some of used biopolymers in fertilizer industry[41,52,58,63-69] 2.5. Coating thickness Generally, polymer coatings are applied in a thickness which is suitable to make a desired controlled release property. Thickness could be related to characteristic of polymer and also it depends on existed porosity of polymer surface. If water vapor transmission rate of coating material is 0.01 to 20, coating thickness would be 1 to 100 microns. Preferred coating thickness is 1 to 50 microns. Coating process could be repeated more than one layer to get desired nutrient release [49]. 2.6. Investigation of release behavior of CRFs Release mechanism for different coatings is different. Thick encapsulated granules like sulfur coating will allow the nutrient to release when a flaw or rupture appears on the coating surface. In this case, rupture will happen because of permeation of water into coating and inside osmotic pressure. Also, biodegradable polymers will release nutrients while destroying by soil microbes activity. Polymer coatings or combination of different coatings will happen by diffusion of water through walls porosities. In this case release rate of can be controlled by the particle size of coated granules, thickness of coating and permeability of coating surface. Also, altering the chemical composition of fertilizer core and the coating will change permeability of coating; means that even basic or acidic environment will change the permeability. In some researches when the coating has been starch-vinyl, increasing size of encapsulated granules has led to slowing down the nutrient release [70, 71]. There are some standard test methods for measurement of controlled release properties. According To European standard the standard release time of N during 24 h should be 15% of total core nutrient. Also, release rate for 15 day should be 75% of total nutrients. Also American and Japanese standards say that the initial release shouldnt be more than 40% of total nutrient. According to European standards for measuring the release rate encapsulated fertilizer should be immersed in pure water at 25  °C (room temperature) in incubated state [72, 73]. For example Detrick et all[43] have investigated the release behavior of their product by immersion of 20 g of encapsulated granules for 8 h in water. After filtration of solid they dried the solid. Evaporation of water was done at 100  °C for 8 hours. Also, Ma et all [31] placed 14 g of granules in wire mesh holder into a jar with 300 ml water at 23  °C and agitated ir by an orbital shaker. Then, the adequate water was taken for elemental analysis.. Locquenghien et al [40] for investigation the slow release effect of fertilizer some amounts of fertilizer were continuously extracted with water. For this purpose the granules were arranged in layer in a cylindrical vessel field with water. Water was passed through this layer and its Nitrogen content was analyzed. 2.8. Commercial CRFs in world and Malaysia Urea-formaldehydes are oldest slow release products which were produced in 1936 and then were commercialized in 1970s. These products were known as Ureaform, Bluchip, Nitroform Methex and Nutralene. After that Tennessee Valley introduced sulfur coated urea technology in1960s.Polymer coated fertilizers were produced as early as 1970 in Japan. Most important commercialized polymer coated CRFs are Osmocote, Nutricote [74] Osmocote CRFs are NPK granules coated by a thermoset copolymer of dicyclopentadiene and a glycerol ester (linseed oil) dissolved in an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent. The Osmocote CRFs are normally used for ornamental horticulture production like greenhouses, nurseries , citrus , and strawberry production[75]. Nutricote prills are encapsulated by thermoplastic resins likeas polyolefins, polyvinylidene chloride. The process of Nuricote involves dissolving polymer in fast-drying chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents and then applying the solution to a variety of nutrient substrates including urea, potassium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride. Blendin the polymer with talc and ethylene-vinyl acetate has been done to obtain desired release rate[76] Sierra, Lesco and polyon are some other commercialaized CRFs in the world. In Malaysia two brands named Greenfeed[77] and KAMILA[78] has developed slow release fertilizer. Greenfeed contains Zeolite which helps to release nutrients when it is in contact with soil. KAMILA is specially formulated for oil plantation industry. 2.9. Tracing nano-technology features in fertilizer industry Reviewing literature shows that researches which have used nano-technology features in fertilizer industry are very rare. The main benefits of nanoparticles in these researches are using them as reservoir of fertilizer or as filler [79,80]. Solid nano-particles, have large surface areas and their reactivity is much more greater than that of micrometer size materials. Also, their surfaces and interfaces provide an active substrate for physical, chemical, and biological reactions [80]. Two published researches have done using nano-particles. One has used nano-clay as carrier of metal-urea complex; urea intercalated clay without any coating has been developed as slow release fertilizer[79]. In other one, a nanocomposite of nano particle, fertilizer and polymer has been granulated and developed as slow release fertilizer. The production method involves mixing monomers, adding nano particle, which could be nano clay, nano bentonite, nano kaolin, polymerization and then granulating the mixture. In this research nano particle just work as good and effective filler [81]. Making polymer-nano-particle composites is something common in industries. Lots of researches have been done in this area, but researches around using nano-particle as reservoir for fertilizer have been done rarely. For more study here, we will review the researches have been done. 2.9.1. Interc

industrial revolution :: essays research papers

The impact that The Industrial Revolution had on Europe and England was big, it practically changed the economy for years. There were many individuals that had a big impact and there are many acts, rights, and processes devised to produced the most making for the higher classes. Most of the individuals that are involved had invented something that would change a certain company. This whole industrial revolution started small. In fact, it started out with tiny little village entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs were tiny company’s that would make hand made stuff and sell this profit that is produced. This soon led to more money, which led to more employees, which also led to more entrepreneurs, and it spread ideas. This got people really thinking. One man named Robert Owen a young utopian socialist of Britain who became the manager of his own cotton mill at the age of nineteen. He then developed community farming and had the town of New Lanmark, Scotland living and working for him. He provided proper housing, basic education, and an inexpensive company store for the workers. In fact, he made a very good deal with his employees, that benefited them and he still made a good profit from it. He forbid young children to work in his mills, and he decreased hours and increased wages. One of this man’s supporter’s is Charles Fourier He favored ideal comm unities and that all work should be shared and that the higher class would benefit of the joint labor according to the needs of the lower class. This man boosted the economy tremendously, because he spread his idea of community farming and farmers and entrepreneurs were beginning to use it more often and they were making good profit. However, some entrepreneurship leaders got to greedy and wanted more money so they made deals that basically only benefited them and they built self-centered industries. These deals included lowering the age of working ability, which led to less education, which led to lower wages. The working conditions were horrible and if you lost an arm or any sort of limb they were fired and another child was hired in replace of them. Men like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles joined together in 1848 to produce the Communist Manifesto. This was a pamphlet that was intended for the workers.